{"id":3282,"date":"2026-06-02T14:08:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-02T11:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.cnu.edu.ua\/?p=3282"},"modified":"2026-06-02T14:08:02","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T11:08:02","slug":"%d1%8f%d1%86%d0%ba%d1%96%d0%b2-%d1%8f%d1%80%d0%be%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b0%d0%b2-%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%87","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cnu.edu.ua\/?p=3282","title":{"rendered":"\u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignleft size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/dev.cnu.edu.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/image-63.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3283\" style=\"width:221px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447<\/strong>&nbsp;\u2013 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0457, \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0457 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438, \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438, \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u043a \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u041f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440&nbsp;\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0412\u0430\u0441\u0438\u043b\u044f \u0421\u0442\u0435\u0444\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 ( \u0437 2006 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0441\u044f&nbsp;25 \u0436\u043e\u0432\u0442\u043d\u044f 1940 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0432 \u0441. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u044c\u0447\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0439\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0406\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e-\u0424\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456. 1960 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0447\u0438\u0432 \u041b\u044c\u0432\u0456\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442, \u0430 \u0432 1960 \u2013 1962 \u0440\u0440. \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043c-\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0433\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0443 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0410\u041d \u0423\u0420\u0421\u0420.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>\u041f\u0456\u0441\u043b\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443 1965 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0456\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (\u0413\u0410\u041e) \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0443 \u0446\u0456\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 (\u0437 1975 \u2013 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0434\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><br>1976 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u2013 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, 1985 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u2013 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u043a \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. 1991 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u042f. \u0421. \u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0456\u0446\u0456\u044e\u0432\u0430\u0432 \u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 (\u0423\u0410\u0410) \u0456 \u0454 \u0457\u0457 \u043d\u0435\u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u043d\u0438\u043c \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u043c. \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0441\u0456\u0457 \u0454\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0443 \u0456 \u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0437 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (1996). \u0427\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (1998). \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (2002). \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a \u043c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430 \u041c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0438 \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (2000-2001). \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440-\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0406\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0443 \u0435\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 (2005). \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0415\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0437 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0410\u0434\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0456 \u0423\u041d\u0422\u0426 (\u0437 2006). \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041f\u0456\u043a\u043b\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0421\u0442\u0438\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0424\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0443 \u0412\u0456\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u041f\u0456\u043d\u0447\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u00ab\u0417\u0430\u0432\u0442\u0440\u0430. UA\u00bb (\u0437 2006 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u041e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0432\u0438\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456, \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u0446\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0444\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456\u0439 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0456\u0457. \u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0434 200 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0446\u044c \u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0439. \u041f\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u0443\u043b\u0430 \u0448\u0438\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0431\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0456.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u042f.&nbsp;\u0421.&nbsp;\u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432&nbsp;\u2014 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0456 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u00ab\u041a\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0432\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0437 1985 \u0440.), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F\">\u00ab\u041a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0456\u044f\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0437&nbsp;1995 \u0440.), \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0437&nbsp;2005&nbsp;\u0440.), \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0434\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0436\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0443&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4_(%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB)\">\u00ab\u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0437&nbsp;2006 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u042f.\u0421. \u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432&nbsp;\u2014 \u0413\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%96_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9D_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0442\u0443 \u0437 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0456 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438<\/a>&nbsp;(\u0437 1990&nbsp;\u0440.), \u044f\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0454 \u0437\u043c\u0456\u0446\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0437 \u043a\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0433\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0456\u043d\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d. \u041f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0456\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043b\u0443\u0431\u0443 \u00ab\u0415\u043b\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043b\u0438\u0446\u044f\u00bb \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u043a\u0456 \u0437&nbsp;1996&nbsp;\u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u0449\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0441\u044f\u0447\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0443 \u0411\u0443\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0443 \u0432\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f (\u043c.\u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u042f\u043a \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u042f.&nbsp;\u0421.&nbsp;\u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u0438\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c: \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u043e\u0457 \u0434\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u0443 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0431\u0430\u0437\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438; \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0434\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u0457\u0445 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0443 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0443 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c; \u0437\u0434\u0456\u0439\u0441\u043d\u044e\u0454 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0\">\u00ab\u041d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u0434\u0443\u043c\u043a\u0430\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;\u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0430&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BC)\">\u0412\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043c \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u043c \u00ab\u0410\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0456\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043a\u0430\u00bb<\/a>&nbsp;\u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438; \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0430\u0454 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0432\u2019\u044f\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0437&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8\">\u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0413\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0434\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u0456\u044f\u0447, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0433\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0456\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0457,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0\">\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u0412\u0441\u0435\u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u043d\u044c\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438<\/a>, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0443\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. \u0417 2005 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443 \u2013 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2\">\u041c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0456\u0432<\/a>&nbsp;(\u041c\u0410\u0423), \u043f\u0456\u0434 \u043a\u0435\u0440\u0456\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u044f\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443\u044e\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457: \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0442\u0430 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430<a href=\"https:\/\/uk.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE\">\u0430<\/a>, \u0437\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u0430\u043c\u2019\u044f\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0456\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u0438, \u043f\u043e\u0448\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u043a\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0434\u0431\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0456 \u0437\u0434\u043e\u0431\u0443\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0432\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0456\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0434\u0456\u044f\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043e\u0446\u0456\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0432 \u0440\u0456\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0430\u0445 \u0441\u0432\u0456\u0442\u0443.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u041d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0438:&nbsp;<\/strong>\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u044f&nbsp;\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u0438 \u0456 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0456\u043a\u0438 (1983); \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u044f&nbsp;\u0421\u0420\u0421\u0420 (1986);&nbsp;\u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0431\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0442\u044c\u043e\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0439, \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434 \u044f\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0424\u0443\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u043c\u2019\u044f\u043d\u0456\u0432\u0430,&nbsp;\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u044f&nbsp;\u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u041e\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438 \u0413\u0456\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 (2005), \u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u043c\u0438\u0440 \u0456 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0434\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438\u00bb,&nbsp;\u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u044f&nbsp;\u041d\u0410\u041d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0404. \u041f. \u0424\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0436 \u043d\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439&nbsp;\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438&nbsp;\u00ab\u0417\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438\u00bb \u0406\u0406\u0406 \u0442\u0430 \u0406\u0406 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0435\u043d\u0456\u0432,&nbsp;\u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442&nbsp;\u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0457 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u041c. \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e. \u0417\u0430 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0437\u043c\u0456\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0456\u0454\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043e\u0441\u0456 \u0443 \u0442\u0456\u043b\u0456 \u0417\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456 \u0443 2003 \u0440\u043e\u0446\u0456 \u0431\u0443\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0434\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0454\u044e \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u0443 \u0456\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0456 \u0420\u0435\u043d\u0435 \u0414\u0435\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 (\u0454\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456 \u043b\u0430\u0443\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0442 \u0446\u0456\u0454\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0457).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u042f\u0446\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u042f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0432 \u0421\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447&nbsp;\u2013 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0443 \u0433\u0430\u043b\u0443\u0437\u0456 \u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u0457, \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0433\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0456\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0456\u0437\u0438\u043a\u043e-\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a, \u0447\u043b\u0435\u043d \u041f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0438\u0434\u0456\u0457 \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0430\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043c\u0456\u0457 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center 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